A KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase) é uma beta lactamase capaz de hidrolisar a totalidade dos antibióticos beta lactâmicos, inclusive os carbapenemas e substâncias inibidoras da beta lactamase. O termo KPC gera confusão e é pouco preciso, já que esta enzima pode ser detectada em outras enterobactérias, como as do gênero Pseudomonas. Recentemente o CDC cunhou a denominação CPE ( Enterobactérias Produtoras de Carbapenemase), sendo, portanto, este termo mais preciso.
Surtos de infecção por K.pneumoniae KPC são descritos em diversos países e com padrão endêmico em alguns como os EUA e o Brasil. A proporção de bactérias KPCs isoladas em hospitais também vem crescendo, em 2011 era de 12 %, em 2012 65 % e em 2013 57 %. A letalidade também é maior em comparação com pacientes infectados por bactérias sensíveis, o excesso de letalidade chega a 20 %. A letalidade chega a 48 % dos pacientes diagnosticados com infecção da corrente circulatória.
Para o tratamento destas bactérias restam poucas opções, entre elas a colistina, gentamicina e tigeciclina. Usadas isoladamente ou em diferentes associações. Nenhuma destas opções é ideal. A colistina e a gentamicina são nefrotóxicas e sua combinação pode levar a quadros de insuficiência renal. A tigeciclina tem ação errática, portanto gera pouca confiança na sua utilização em pacientes graves. Para piorar já se detectam bactérias resistentes à colistina e o lançamento de novas drogas não acompanha a rapidez da geração de resistência. Recentemente foi lançado nos EUA a ceftazidima-avibactam, uma combinação que se mostra ativa contra a KPC, no entanto há relatos de rápida criação de resistência.
O controle ainda se dá pela identificação precoce da colonização (geralmente ocorre em até 4 8 h após a internação) e a separação dos pacientes detectados colonizados. Talvez seja este um dos maires problemas relacionados à assistência hospitalar, a falta de opções minimamente ideais e a gravidade dos casos torna um grande problema para médicos e gestores.
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